Recursions and collections

You can find all information in the pdf file. please read it well before. Nowadays, almost all of us carry mobile devices that communicate to each other in a direct or indirect way. Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a decentralized network which comprises of a collection of these devices/nodes that interact with each other, forming a temporary network without any aid of a centralized administration. Since the advent of it, MANETs are now integral components of many applications such as military applications, virtual conferences, and disaster recovery operations; they have become part of out daily lives. The topology of a MANET is dynamic as the nodes belonging to MANET can enter or leave constantly. Devices, we call them as nodes henceforth, must route the packets to another in order to make the network fully connected. Two chosen nodes are said to be ‘directly connected’ to each other as long as they are located somewhere within the transmission ranges of each other so they can communicate directly; otherwise they would require other nodes to communicate. Hence, a route should be established first for the message delivery between two nodes. Routing –a process of moving a packet of data from source to destination– in such dynamic, infrastructure-less mobile ad-hoc network has always been an attractive research area for scientists, it is known as routing in MANET in the literature. The quality of a route between sender and receiver nodes varies depending on the network or the problem type at hand. In the following section, approaches for network and route construction as well as optimal route selection are described in detail